Vickipedia

INDIAN TERRITORY, a country reserved by the government of the United States for the Indian tribes removed west of the Mississippi, and those living there. It lies between 33° 30′ and 37° N. lat., and 94° 20′ and 103° W. long., being 370 miles long-by 220 wide, with an area of 74,127 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Kansas, E. by Arkansas, S. and W. by Texas, from which it is separated on the south by the Red River. It is a beautiful country, with vast fertile plains, watered by innumerable streams, including the Red River, the Arkansas, and their branches. The climate is genial, producing cotton, tobacco, maize, wheat, and fruits. Coal, iron, zinc, copper, salt, and petroleum springs abound. Its population of about 70,000 consists of Cherokees, Creeks, Seminoles, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and remnants of smaller tribes. The principal tribes are in a high state of civilization, and, except the Seminoles, all possess a written constitution and code of laws. In 1880, there were nearly 100 schools maintained among the Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws. Many of the Indians cultivate large plantations.

MONSOO’N (Malayan, Musim) is derived from the Arabic word Mausim, a set time or season of the year, and is applied to those winds prevailing in the Indian Ocean which blow from the southwest from April to October, and from the opposite direction, or north-east, from October to April. The existence of these winds was made known to the Greeks during the Indian expeditions of Alexander, and by this knowledge, Hippalus was emboldened to sail across the open sea to Muzeris, the emporium of Malabar. The monsoons depend, in common with all winds whether regular or irregular, on the inequality of heat at different places and the earth’s rotation on its axis; but more particularly they are occasioned by the same circumstances which produce the trade-winds and the land and sea breezes, being, in fact, the combined effect of these two sets of causes.

If the equatorial regions of the earth were entirely covered with water, the trade-winds (see TRADE-WINDS)would blow constantly from the north-east in the north, and from the south-east in the south of the torrid zone, with a belt of variable winds and calms interposed; the whole system, following the sun’s course, moving northward from December to June, and southward from June to December. But, especially in the eastern hemisphere, large tracts of land stretch into the tropics, and give rise to the extensive atmospheric disturbances for which those parts of the earth are so remarkable. During the summer half of the year, the north of Africa and the south of Asia are heated to a higher degree than the Indian Ocean, while Australia and South Africa are much colder. As the heated air of Southern Asia expands and rises, and the colder air from the south flows in to supply its

place, a general movement of the atmosphere of the Indian Ocean; sets in towards the north, thus giving a southerly direction to the wind; but as the air comes from those parts of the globe which revolve quicker to those which revolve more slowly, an easterly direction will be communicated to the wind; and the combination of these two directions results in the south-west monsoon, which prevails there in summer.

Since, during winter, South Asia is colder than the Indian Ocean, which, again, in its turn, is colder than South Africa, a general motion of the atmosphere sets in towards the south and west. As this is in the same direction as the ordinary trade-wind,. the effect in winter is not to change the direction, but only to increase the velocity of the trade-wind. Thus, while south of the equator, owing to the absence of sufficiently large tracts of land, the south-east trade-winds prevail throughout the year; on the-north of the equator we find the south-vest monsoon in summer; and the north-east in winter; it being only in summer and north of the equator that great changes are effected in the direction of the trade-wind.

Similar, though less strongly-marked monsoons prevail off the-coasts of Upper Guinea in Africa, and Mexico in America. The east and west direction of the shores of these countries, or the large heated surfaces to the north of the seas which wash their coasts, produce, precisely as in the case of South Asia, a southwest monsoon in summer. As might have been expected, the monsoon off the coast of Mozambique is easterly, and that off the coast of West Australia north-westerly. The trade-winds also suffer considerable change in their direction on the coasts of Brazil, Peru, Lower Guinea, &c. These, though sometimes considered monsoons, are not truly such, for they do not change their directions periodically, so as to be opposite to each other, like true monsoons, but only veer through a few points of the compass. For a fuller account of these partial deflections, see TRADE-WINDS.

In April, the north-east monsoon changes into the south-west; and in October, the south-west into the north-east. These times depending on the course of the sun, and consequently varying" with the latitude, are called the breaking up of the monsoons, "and are generally accompanied by variable winds, by intervals of calm, and by furious tempests and hurricanes.

Monsoons, when compared with the trade-winds, will be found to play a most beneficial and important part in the economy of the-globe. Their greater velocity, and the periodical changes which take place in their direction, secure increased facility of commercial intercourse between different countries. But the full benefits following in their train are not seen unless they be considered in their relation to the rainfall of Southern Asia. Indeed, the fertility of the greater part of this fine region is entirely due to the monsoons; for if the north-east trade-wind had prevailed there throughout the year, Central and Western India, and many other places, would only have been scorched and barren saharas. The rainfall of India depends entirely on the monsoons. The coast of Malabar has its rainy season during the south-west monsoon,. which brings thither the vapors of the ocean. On the Coromandel coast, on the other hand, it is the north-east monsoon which-brings the rain from the Bay of Bengal. The two coasts of Hindustan have therefore their seasons reversed, the dry season of the one corresponding with the wet season of the other.

PRIVY-SEAL, the seal appended to grants which are afterwards to pass the Great Seal, and to documents of minor importance which do not require the Great Seal. The officer who has the custody of the Privy-seal was at one time called the Keeper, and afterwards the Lord Privy-seal. As early as the reign of Edward III., he was a member of the king’s council, and a responsible minister of the crown. The Lord Privy-seal is now the fifth great officer of state, and has generally a seat in the cabinet. His office is conferred under the Great Seal during pleasure. Since the reign of Henry VIII, the Privy-seal has been the warrant of the legality of grants from the crown, and the authority for the Lord Chancellor to affix the Great Seal. Such grants are styled letters-patent, and the office of the Lord Privy-seal is one of the departments through which they must pass to secure their validity. Until recently, all letters-patent for the grant of appointments to office under the crown, of patents of invention, charters, naturalizations, pensions, creation of honors, pardons, licenses in mortmain, &c., required to pass from the Signet Office to the Privy-seal Office, in the form of Signet bills, verified by (lie Signet Seal and superscription, and the signature of the clerk of the Signet. These Signet hills were the warrant for the Privy-seal; and on the Privy-seal being attached to them, they were forwarded to the Lord Chancellor, by whom the patents were engrossed and completed in the office of the Great Seal. The statute 11 and 12 Vict. c. 83, abolished the Signet Office, and enacted that warrants under their royal sign-manual, prepared by the Attorney-general and Solicitor-general, setting forth the tenor and effect of the letters-patent to be granted, addressed to the Lord Chancellor, and countersigned by one of the principal secretaries of state, should be a sufficient authority for the Privy-seal being affixed; and that the sign-manual so signed, countersigned, and sealed, should be sufficient warrant to the Lord Chancellor to pass letters-patent under the Great Seal. This statute abolished the previously-existing offices of Clerks of the Signet and Clerks of the Privy-seal.

There is a Privy-seal in Scotland, which is used to authenticate royal grants of personal or assignable rights. Eights such as a subject would transmit by assignation, are transmitted by the sovereign under the Privy-seal.

JARGONI’ZING is a phenomenon observed chiefly in acute mania; it consists in the utterance of uncouth and unintelligible sounds, which may resemble articulate words, or be little more than harsh ejaculations and bellowings. This symptom must not be confounded with those imitations of foreign tongues or provincial idioms, or the perversions of the faculty of language characteristic of mania and other forms of alienation, as these sounds are not intended to be, nor to appear, the vehicles of thought or manifestations of feeling. They stand in the same relation to the excitement and violence, as the rapid motion, the furious gesticulation, and the tendency to injure and destroy everything that is seemly and harmonious. The tone in which they are uttered is generally harsh and defiant, because intense passion thrills through every muscle, through those of the vocal apparatus as well as of the arm raised to strike. Jargonizing is, in all probability, involuntary. It occurs at the commencement or crisis of mania, when the power to control the ideas and to regulate motion is most impaired. It may, however, be the result of volition, so far as that the individual desires and determines to speak, but fails from the rapidity or intensity of his emotions to call into action, and co-ordinate the organs engaged in articulation. Such utterances maybe heard in soliloquy, if the phrase may be used, and during sleep. The feature has been accepted as pathognomic of mania. It has, however, been noticed in the delirium of certain stages of fever and of drunkenness, which are mental states depending upon blood-poisons. During periods of profound abstraction, similar sounds are said to have proceeded from the lips of sane and healthy men. In all these instances, the natural operation of the will would appear to be enfeebled or suspended.

PRIZE-COURT is a court which adjudicates the property in vessels captured at sea from a belligerent; and the rule is, that when a captor brings home a prize, the tribunal of his own country has jurisdiction to declare whether he is entitled to it, which decision is binding everywhere. A prize-court differs from other courts in this, that the property of foreigners is brought within its jurisdiction, not by consent, as is implied with regard to the ordinary municipal courts, but by force. By natural law, one would suppose that the tribunals of the captor’s country are no more the rightful exclusive judges of captures in war, made on the high seas, from under the neutral flag, than are the tribunals of the neutral country. Nevertheless, such is the rule of international law, which vests the jurisdiction in the prize-court. In Britain, the court is created by commission under the Great Seal, and the judge of the Admiralty Court is usually appointed. Lord Stowell was the judge during the French war, and, during the time he sat as judge, delivered many important judgments in this difficult branch of the law.

PRIZE, PRIZE-MONEY, terms having reference to property captured from an enemy, or to enemy’s property captured from a neutral in time of war. The circumstances under which such capture is justifiable are stated under capture, as regards naval operations; military prize and its distribution to the army are described under BOOTY. It remains only, therefore, to notice the procedure taken in respect to vessels and property captured by the navy. On a ship being taken, she must be sent to a port belonging to the capturing power, where the Court of Admiralty,on full evidence, adjudicates whether she be lawful prize or not. If the decision be affirmative, the prize is then sold; or if a ship-of-war, (a certain allowance per gun is granted by the state. The produce of the sale or grant is lodged in the hands of the Accountant-general of the Navy, for distribution to the officers and men who assisted at the capture. The net produce of the sale or grant is first divided rateably among any ships (if there be more than one) concerned in the capture. The share of each ship is then divided into eight equal parts. If she were employed under the orders of a flag-officer, he gets one-eighth, and the captain two-eighths; if not, the captain has three-eighths; one-eighth is divided among the lieutenants and officers of corresponding relative rank; one-eighth is shared by the junior commissioned officers and warrant officers; one-eighth goes to the midshipmen and petty officers; and the remaining two-eighths among the seamen, marines,and boys.

DARWIN, CHARLES, F.R.S., an English naturalist of the highest eminence, was born at Shrewsbury, February 1.2, 1809. He was the son of Dr. Robert W. Darwin, F.R.S., and grandson of Erasmus Darwin (q. v.). His mother was a daughter of Josiah Wedgwood, the famous manufacturer of pottery. After attending a public school at Shrewsbury, he studied at Edinburgh University for two sessions, and thence proceeded to Christ’s College, Cambridge, where he took his degree of B.A. in 1831.

He now volunteered to go as naturalist in H.M.S. Beagle, commanded by Captain Fitzroy, R. N-, and started for a survey of South America, and a circumnavigation of the globe, Dec. 27, 1831, returning to England Oct. 2, 1836. His entire life, so far as his health permitted, was afterwards devoted to scientific researches. D., who was a fellow of the principal scientific societies, obtained the Royal Society’s medal, and the Wollaston medal of the Geological Society.—His earliest well-known work, The Voyage of a Naturalist (2d ed. 1845), is a most interesting and beautifully written work. In 1839 was published his Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the various Countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle; in 1840—1843, the Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, published by government, to which D. contributed the introduction and many of the notes; in 1842, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Beefs; in 1844, Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands; and in 1846, his Geological Observations on South America. He also wrote many papers in the Transactions of the Geological Society. In 1851—1853, appeared his valuable Monograph of the Cirripedia; and in 1859, D.’s name became ‘ familiar as a household word ‘ to the mass of educated and semi-educated Englishmen, through the publication of his work, The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle of Life- In the Origin of Species, D. contends that the various species of plants and animals, instead of being each specially created and immutable, are continually suffering change through a process of adaptation, by which those varieties of a species that are in any way better fitted for the conditions of their life survive and multiply at the expense of others. So potent and universal does this process of natural selection seem to be, that D. considers it capable, with other less important causes, of explaining how all existing species may have descended from one or a very few low forms of life. This theory excited fierce controversies, but it has been embraced by many of the ablest naturalists, and has induced great changes in the method of biology and kindred sciences. See DARWINIAN THEORY; also SPECIES. Other works are : Fertilization of Orchids (1862); Variation of Plants and Animals under Domestication (1867); The Descent of Man and Selection in relation to Sex (1871); Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1873); Insectivorous Plants (1875); Climbing Plants (1875); The Effects of Cross and Self-fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom (1876); Different Forms of Flowers in Plants of the same Species (1877); The Power of Movement in Plants (1880), a work in which it was proved that every growing part of every plant is always moving round or ‘ circumnutating,’ as D. calls it: The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881). The latter work, which excited great popular interest, showed that part of the mould which covers the globe is the work of earth-worms, having been voided by them as worm castings. D.’s knowledge was not less remark^ able than his caution’ in statement. He received many high distinctions, such as the Prussian order Pour le Merite (1871), degrees from Leyden and Cambridge, and the membership of the French Academy (1878). He died April 19, 1882, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

ABORIGINES (Lat.), properly the earliest inhabitants of a country. The corresponding term used fey the Greeks was Autochthones. The Roman and Greek historians, however, apply the name to a special people, who, according to tradition, had their original seats in the mountains about Reate, now Rieti; but, being driven out by the Sabines, descended into Latium, and in conjunction with a tribe of Pelasgi, subdued or expelled thence the Siculi, and occupied the country. The A. then disappear as a distinct people, they and their allies the Pelasgi having taken the name of Latini. The non-Pelasgic element of the Roman population is supposed to represent these A., who would thus belong to the Oscans or Ausonians.

ABSENTEE’, a term applied, by way of reproach, to capitalists who derive their income from one country, and spend it in another. It has been especially used in discussions on the social condition of Ireland. As long as Ireland had its own parliament, a great portion of the large landed proprietors lived chiefly in the country during summer, and passed their winters in Dublin; thus spending a large portion of their incomes among their dependents, or at least among their countrymen. The Union changed the habits of the Irish nobility and gentry, who were attracted to London as the political metropolis, or were induced, by the disturbed condition of Ireland, to choose residences on the continent. Such Irish landed proprietors were styled ‘ absentees;’ and it was argued that their conduct was the great source of Irish poverty, as it drained the resources of the land, or, in other words, sent money out of Ireland. One class of political economists�among them M’Culloch�maintain that, economically viewed, absenteeism has no injurious effect on the country from which the absentee draws his revenue. An Irish landlord living in France, it is argued, receives his remittances of rent, not in bullion, but in bills of exchange; and bills of exchange represent, in the end, the value of British commodities imported into France. The remittance could not be made unless goods to the same amount were also drawn from Britain. Thus, although the landlord may consume, for the most part, French productions, he causes, indirectly, a demand for as much of British productions; and his income goes, in the end, to pay for them. His residence abroad, then, does no harm to the industry and resources of the country at large, although it is admitted that it may be felt as an evil in a particular locality. The truth of this doctrine, however, in its full extent, is disputed. Among other objections to it, it is argued, that whatever may be true of the amount actually consumed, all the tradesmen and others who supply the absentee’s wants have their profits, and have thus the means of accumulating; and that these accumulations which are thus added to the national wealth of a foreign country, would have been added to the wealth of his native country had he been living at home. The result of the controversy would seem to be, that absenteeism does, to some extent, act injuriously on the wealth of a country, though it is not true that the whole revenues thus spent are so much clear loss, there being several indirect compensations.�On the evil of absenteeism, in a moral point of view, all are agreed; especially in a country in the condition of Ireland, where nearly the whole wealth is in the hands of extensive landed proprietors, with almost no middle class.

CHRISTIANITY. It is proposed in the present article to give a very brief outline of the system of the Christian religion, and of the evidences by which its truth is established. The principal parts, both of the system and evidences of C., will be found noticed under separate heads.

C. comes to us with a claim to be received as of divine origin. It is no product of the human mind, but has for its author the Being whom it sets before us as the object of worship. It is consequently altogether exclusive; it claims to be deemed the only true religion�’ the truth ‘�and admits of no compromise or alliance with any other system.

C. cannot be viewed as distinct from the religion of the Jews and of the patriarchs; it is the same religion accommodated to new circumstances; there has been a change of dispensation only. In studying either the system or the evidences of C., we are compelled continually to revert from the New Testament to the Old, and must in some measure trace the history of the true or revealed religion through the previous and preparatory dispensations.

The whole system of C. may be regarded as having its foundation in the doctrine of the Existence of one God. See god. Next to this maybe placed the doctrine of the Fall (q. v.) of Man. Man is represented as involved in misery by sin (q. v.)�original and actual�and every individual of the human race as incapacitated for the service and fellowship of God, obnoxious to the displeasure of God, and liable to punishment in the future and eternal state of being. See punishment, future. And here we may regard the doctrine of the atonement (q. v.) as next claiming our attention�a doctrine taught in all the sacrifices (see sacrifice) of the patriarchal and Jewish dispensations, as well as by the words of inspired teachers. Man being utterly incapable of effecting his own deliverance from sin and misery, God sent his Son to save sinners, to deliver them from hell, to make them holy, and partakers of the eternal joy and glory of heaven.

By those who regard Christ as a mere creature, atonement or reconciliation with God is made to depend on the repentance of man as its immediate cause; whilst the life and death of Christ are represented as merely an example to us of obedience, virtue, and piety in the most trying circumstances; the doctrines of a propitiatory sacrifice, a substitutionary obedience, and an imputed righteousness, with all that form part of the same system, falling completely and even necessarily to the ground. These doctrines, however, are all consistently maintained in connection with the doctrine of the Trinity and the generally received doctrine as to the person of Christ. See christ and trinity. The very incarnation (q. v.) of the Son of God is regarded as a glorious display of the divine condescension, and a wonderful exaltation of human nature : whilst a personal enjoyment of the highest dignity and bliss of which humanity is capable in favor and fellowship of God for ever, is to be attained by faith in Jesus Christ. See faith and justification.

The indissoluble connection between faith and salvation arises from the divine appointment, but secures a moral harmony, as it provides for bringing into operation�in accordance with the intellectual and moral nature of man�of most powerful and excellent motives for all that is morally good, the partakers of salvation being thus fitted for the fellowship of Him into whose favor they are received; and as it prevents the possibility of any of them taking to themselves, or giving to others, the glory of that salvation which they really owe to Christ, and which they must therefore ascribe to Christ, as God is a God of truth, and truth must reign in the kingdom of heaven.

Salvation is ascribed by all Christians to the grace of God. The mission of Christ was an act of supreme grace; and all must be ascribed to grace for which we are indebted to Christ. The doctrine of grace, however, is a part of the system of C. on which important differences subsist, especially as to the relation of the grace of God to individual men.

Such are tte differences concerning election (q. v.), and concerning the origin of faith, and man’s ability or inability to believe of himself. But by Christians generally, the personal relation of the believer to Christ, and his faith in Christ, are ascribed to the Holy Ghost or Spirit of God, the third person of the God-head, and so to the grace of God. See arminius, calvinism.

Ir. the view of all who hold the doctrine of the Trinity, the doctrines concerning the Spirit of God form a very important part of the Christian system. To the agency of this person of the Godhead, besides all that is ascribed to Him concerning the human nature of Christ, we are indebted for all that is spiritually good in man; He, in the economy of grace, being sent by God, on the intercession of Christ, to communicate the blessings purchased by Christ, in his obedience and death. See holy ghost.

Salvation begins on earth; and whenever a man believes in Christ, he is a partaker of it�is in a state of salvation. It forms an essential part of the Calvinistic system, that he who is in a state of salvation always remains so, and that the salvation begun on earth is in every case made perfect in heaven. See persever of saints. Thus salvation is viewed as beginning in regeneration (q. v.), and as carried on in SANCTIFICATION (q. v.), and all its joys as connected with the progress of sanctification. Faith in Jesus Christ cannot be unaccompanied with repentance, and repentance is always renewed when the exercise of faith is renewed. For although all believers are saints or holy, as set apart to God, and in contrast to what they previously were, yet there is none in this life free from temptation and sin; the successful tempter of our first parents, who assailed our Saviour with temptation and was defeated, being still the active enemy of men, against whom believers in Jesus Christ are called to contend, to watch, and to pray. See devil. The sense of responsibility belongs to human nature; and the doctrine of a Judgment (q. v.) to come may be considered as to a certain extent a doctrine of natural religion, as may also that of the Immortality (q. v.) of the Soul; but the clear and.distinct enunciation of these doctrines belongs to the Christian revelation, to which belongs entirely the doctrine of the Resurrection (q. v.) of the Dead.

Of the moral part of C., which has already been referred to, it may be sufficient here to state, that it is as harmonious with the doctrinal as it is inseparable from it; that it is founded upon the attributes of God, and is perfectly illustrated in the character of Jesus Christ; and that it is divisible into two great parts�one, of the love of God, and the other, of the love of man, or of ourselves and our neighbors. See law, moral

The means of grace, or of the attainment of the blessings of salvation, form an important part of the Christian system. Of these the word of god�or divine revelation contained in the Bible (q. v.)�first claims attention, as the means of conversion to Christ, and of edification in Christ, the instrument by which salvation is both begun and carried on in men. The ordinances of God’s worship are among the means of grace. Thus Prayer (q. v.) is one of the chief means of grace. The Sacraments (q. v.) are means of grace, concerning the precise use of which, and their relative importance as compared with the other means, considerable difference of opinion prevails among Christians. The same remark applies also to the combination of Christians into an organized body or community, the Church (q, v.), with its own laws or system of church-government (q. v.) and church-discipline (q. v.).

We have endeavored to sketch the outline of the system of C., as much as possible according to the general belief of Christians, merely indicating the points on which the chief differences of opinion exist. Some of the principal controversies will be found noticed under separate heads.

The truth of C. is established by many different Evidences , distinct and independent, but mutually corroborative. It appeals to reason, and demands to have its claims examined and admitted. Nor is there any faith where there is not a mental conviction arrived at by a process of sound reasoning.

The evidences of C. are very generally divided into two great classes, internal &\^(\ external�the former consisting of those which are found in the nature of the Christian system itself, and in its adaptation to the nature and wants of man; the latter, of those which are derived from other sources. The boundary between the two classes, however, is by no means so distinct in reality as it appears in the definition of the terms. Of the multitude of books which have been written on the subject of the evidences of C., some are devoted mainly to one of these classes, and some to the other; whilst some are occupied with the development of particular evidences or arguments, and some with the refutation of objections, and in particular of what may be called a preliminary objection�that a divine revelation can never be established by sufficient evidence at all. See Revelation.

The evidence of Miracles (q. v.) and the evidence of Prophecy (q. v.), two of the principal branches, of the external evidences of C., will be found noticed in separate articles. Another argument, which has been much elaborated�for example, in Paley’s Evidences�is derived from the character and sufferings of the apostles and other first preachers of C.; their high moral worth, considered along with their great earnestness and devotedness; the absence of all possibility/’ of selfish or base motives; and at the same time, their perfect/opportunity of knowing the truth of the facts which they proclaimed. A subsidiary argument is found in the admission of�tbregreat facts regarding Jesus of Nazareth, by the early opponents of Christianity.

A most important and valuable argument is found in the perfect coherence of all the parts of the Christian system, and in the agreement, as to the religion which they teach, of all the books of Scripture, notwithstanding the widely different dates of their composition, and their very different nature in other respects. See bible. The relation of the Jewish ceremonies to the doctrines of C. supplies another argument of this kind, capable of being developed in a multitude of particulars. The minor coincidences between the different books of Scripture have been pointed out with happy effect in the Horce Paulina of Paley, and in other works. The character of our Saviour supplies an argument of great power : the impossibility of the invention of such a character, and of the history in which it is exhibited, by any effort of human genius, is. also urged as corroborative; and the inconsistency of the morality displayed, with the supposition of imposture, has been dwelt upon with the same view. The excellency, both of the doctrinal and moral part of the system of C., its elevating and purifying tendency, the agreement of its doctrine with the tact of man’s sinfulness and misery, and the suitable provision which it makes for his most deeply felt wants, are principal branches of the internal evidence of its truth. The effects of C., where it has prevailed, supply a confirmatory argument in its favor, which has formed the subject of works of great learning and interest.